Tag: Fluid

Water has a number of exceptional properties, which distinguish it from other fluids. One is the anomaly of density.

The Behaviour of Water at Different Temperatures

Usually, substances expand when they are heated. But if you heat water starting at 0°C, you will notice something weird: At first, the volume of the liquid does not get bigger, but smaller! Up to a temperature of 4°C, the water contracts when heated.

Once it has reached that temperature, it starts to expand with increasing temperature just like other fluids. That means water has a higher density at 4°C than at any other temperature.

Why does ice need more space than cold water?

When cooling down below 4°C, water expands. When it freezes at 0°C, the volume increases once again. This unusual behaviour has something to do with the structure of solid and liquid water: In the liquid, the molecules can move relatively freely, whereas in ice, they assemble into regular structures with big hollow spaces in between, which require more space.

Since ice has a lower density than water, it floats on the water. You know this from ice cubes in a drink or from icebergs floating in the sea.

The Anomaly Determines Life on Earth!

Thanks to the anomaly, fish can survive in stretches of standing water in winter! Since water with a temperature of 4°C is heavier than colder water, it sinks downwards. Therefore, it is warmer on the bottom of the lake than on the surface. On top it is the coldest.

As a result, the lake starts to freeze from the top to the bottom, and the warmer layers of water beneath the sheet of ice cool down considerably more slowly and remain liquid. There, the aquatic animals can spend the winter. If the water froze from the bottom to the top, soon the whole water would have frozen and the fish would have no chance to survive!

The anomaly also has its drawbacks, though:

If water is enclosed in a closed vessel, it still expands while freezing and may develop such forces that it bursts the vessel. Water enclosed in rock cracks is even able to break up the rock, and therefore plays an important role in the erosion process. In the same way, frost damage is caused on the streets when water seeps into the cracks of the road surface and freezes.

Water must also be prevented, from freezing in water pipes during winter, since otherwise the pipes burst.

Activities Task

1. Make a resume about the article in Bahasa Indonesia which contain information based reading objectives!
2. Find out a specifics physics vocabulary and explain what do those words mean!
3. Find out the Physics quantities and write the units of its quantities!

Complete Sentences

1. The system of deep ocean currents that is the result of these changes in density is known as the global conveyor belt
2. This denser water begins to sink to the bottom of the ocean, while surface water moves in to replace it, generating a current

When I jump into a swimming pool, I sink like a stone unless I flail about wildly, but when the USS Enterprise aircraft carrier – which is just a tad bigger and tad heavier than I am – jumps into the ocean, it floats with no effort whatsoever. What’s going on? Let’s wonder a bit about the science of floating.

Some big, heavy things – like the USS Enterprise – float in water. Some small, light things, like a ball bearing, don’t. So size doesn’t determine whether something floats, and neither does weight. Let’s start by identifying what causes something to float or not.

Everything on Earth, whether on the surface or under water, has the weight of everything higher up pushing down on it.

Everything on Earth, whether on the surface or under water, has the weight of everything higher up pushing down on it. Yes, right now as you read this, the weight of all of the air above you, right up to the top of the atmosphere, is pushing down and in on you. The resulting force is about 14.7 pounds on every square inch of your body. 14.7 pounds per square inch, or psi, is the normal, average atmospheric pressure on the Earth.

If you dive down into water, you’ll not only have the weight of the air up above pushing in on you, but the weight of all of the water above you as well. Water is relatively heavy – go down just 30 feet and the weight of the water per square inch on your body will equal the weight of the hundreds of miles of air above you. 

Why doesn’t the weight of all that air and water push you down, down, down, after you dive into a swimming pool? The answer is simply that the water below you is pushing up. 

There you are, underneath the surface in a swimming pool. Water wants to be where you are – your body has displaced a whole lot of it. If you suddenly disappeared, water would rush in to fill the space. It is the force of that potential “rushing in” that results in a force acting against the weight of the air and water above you.

This is the buoyant force. The buoyant force depends on how much water an object displaces. The larger the object, the greater the buoyant force it experiences. Ah, but will that object float? 

An object floats when the buoyant force is large enough to counter the object’s weight. So a large hollow object might float because large means more water displaced – so more buoyant force – and hollow means relatively little weight. A small solid object might not float, however. Less water displaced results in a smaller buoyant force. If that buoyant force isn’t enough to counter the weight of the object, it will sink. 

So yes, the USS Enterprise weighs far more than I do. But the weight of the water it displaces is more than the weight of the aircraft carrier, so it floats. Me, I weigh more than the water I displace, so I sink.

Activities Task

1. Make a resume about the article in Bahasa Indonesia which contain information based reading objectives!
2. Find out a specifics physics vocabulary and explain what do those words mean!
3. Find out the Physics quantities and write the units of its quantities!

Complete Sentences

1. The system of deep ocean currents that is the result of these changes in density is known as the global conveyor belt
2. This denser water begins to sink to the bottom of the ocean, while surface water moves in to replace it, generating a current